Standard SQL query language, DDL/DML, multi-table joins, subqueries, grouping, and indexing.
Formal technical competencies tested within this canonical skill framework.
SELECT, WHERE filtering, ORDER BY, LIMIT, and arithmetic operations.
INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER joins, UNION, and EXCEPT.
GROUP BY, HAVING, COUNT/SUM/AVG, and window functions.
Proctored and timed examinations measuring practical mastery.